SORANO

 

Luigi Speranza -- Grice e Sorano: la ragione conversazionale -- TVTELA IVPPITER OMNIPOTENS REGVM RERVMQVE DEVMQVE PROGENITOR GENITRIXQVE DEVM DEVS VNVS ET OMNES -- Roma antica – Roma – la scuola di Sora – filosofia lazia -- filosofia italiana – Luigi Speranza (Sora) Filosofo italiano. Sora, Frosinone, Lazio. Magistrato romano. Muore a Roma, gens Valeria, tribuno della plebe, politico romano. Originario di Sora, poeta e grammatico latino e tribuno della plebe durante la repubblica romana, soprattutto noto per essere stato giustiziato da Gneo POMPEO (si veda) per ordine del dittatore Lucio Cornelio SILLA (si veda), ufficialmente per aver pubblicamente rivelato il nome segreto della città di Roma, che avrebbe potuto essere utilizzato nel rituale di evocatio da parte dei nemici, ma probabilmente anche per ragioni politiche, dato che è legato alla fazione di Caio MARIO (si veda). Cichorius, Zur Lebensgeschichte des S., Hermes, Journal of Philology, Oxford Latin Dictionary, voce "S.”. Martino, L'identità segreta della divinità tutelare di Roma: un ri-esame dell' affaire S., Settimo Sigillo, Roma; Onorato, Commentario sull'Eneide. Denique tribunus plebei quidam S., ut ait VARRONE (si veda) et multi alii, hoc nomen ausus enuntiare ut quidam dicunt raptus a senatu et in crucem levatus est ut alii metu supplicii fugit et in Sicilia comprehensus a praetore praecepto senatus occisus est. Perseus. Servii Grammatici qui feruntur in VIRGILIO carmina commentarii, cur. Thilo e Hagen, Teubner, Hinard, Silla, Salerno. Opere su Musisque Deoque, PHI Latin Texts, Packard Humanities, Antica Roma   Portale Biografie Categorie: Politici romani Politici romani. Morti a Roma Persone giustiziate. Forse segue la scuola del portico. CICERONE fa chiamare, da CRASSO, litteratissimum togatorum omnium. E in stretti rapporti con CICERONE e con VARRONE. Partecipa attivamente alla vita politica ed e tribuno della plebe. Fugge in Sicilia ove POMPEO lo fa giustiziare. Poco rimane di lui, sicchè è difficile apprezzare la sua attività filosofica. Certamente si occupa di storia letteraria e di grammatica. Dedica a Publio SCIPIONE (si veda) Nasica un saggio che non si sa se e in prosa o in versi. Compone Epoptides, che contiene principalmente interpretazioni allegoriche di nomi. II esametri che sì ricordano di S. hanno pensare al pan-teismo mmanente idel Portico e probabilmente sono inclusi in un tratatto sulla natura. From the Latin town of Sora, S. is a many-sided and esteemed philosopher in the department of linguistic and antiquarian research, and a precursor of VARRONE, who, like him, often employs the metrical form. CICERONE, de or. CRASSO says: nostri (the Romans themselves) minus student litteris quam Latini. Notwithstanding (he says) the most uneducated native Roman easily surpasses litteratissimum togatorum omnium, S., lenitate vocis alque ipso oris pressu el sono. VARRONE knows S. personally and often refers to him as a weighty authority; cf. Gell. VARRONE, questioned by Ser. Sulpicius concerning the favisae capitolinae, confesses that he knows nothing about the origin of the word, sed S. solitum dicere, etc. Lingua Latina. apud S.: vetus adagio est, o P. SCIPIONE. From this he appears to have been a contemporary of ACCIO, and it becomes probable that he is the same Valerio whom VARRONE quotes in Lingua Latina: Valerius ait. Accius Hectörem nollet facere, Hectora mallet,' further Scrupipedas dicit. Valerius a pede acscrupea. He must also be identical with the expositor of the XII tables of the same name. II hexameters of Portico character on GIOVE as the one and highest god ap. AGOSTINO In. civ. Dei, cf. Mythogr. Vat. Bode: in han sententiam eliam quosdam versus S. exponit idem VARRONE in eo libro quem seorsum ab istis de cultu deorum scripsil. PLINIO NH. praef.: hoc ante me fecit (viz. to add a table of contents to a book) in litteris nostris S. in libris quos irontidor inscripsit. His two sons, Quintus and Decimus, are called by CICERONE -- Bruto -- vicini et familiares mei, non tam in dicendo admirabiles quam docti et graecis litteris et latinis. PRE. Distinct from the litteratissimus togatorum omnium is tribunus plebei quidam S., who divulges the secret name of Rome and is punished with death by order of the Senate (V. Anno ap. Serv. Aen.; cf. PLINIO. NH. PLOT. qu. rom., EvLEUTsCH, Phil. S. THAT one was a poet, grammarian, and tribune of the people in the Roman Republic. He is executed while SULLA is dictator, ostensibly for violating a religious prohibition against speaking the arcane name of Rome, but more likely for political reasons. The cognomen S. is a toponym indicating that he is from Sora. A single elegiac couplet survives more or less intact from his body of work. The two lines address GIOVE as an all-powerful begetter who is both male and female. This androgynous, unitarian conception of deity, possibly an attempt to integrate the Porch and Orphic doctrine, makes the fragment of interest in religious studies. S. is also credited with a little-recognised literary innovation. PLINIO maggiore says that S. is the first philosopher to provide a table of contents to help readers navigate a long essay S. Is admired for his learning by CICERONE. CICERONE has an interlocutor in his “De oratore” praise S. as “most cultured of all who wear the toga,” and Cicero lists him and his brother Decimus among an educated elite of socii et Latini – i. e., those who came from allied polities on the Italian peninsula rather than from Rome, and those whose legal status is defined by a LATIN right rather than a full ROMAN citizenship. The municipality of Sora is near Cicero's native Arpinum, and he refers to the Valerii Sorani as his friends and neighbours. S. is also a friend of VARRONE and is mentioned more than once in that scholar's multi-volume work on the Latin language. The son of S. is thought to have been the Quintus Valerius ORCA, who was praetor. ORCA works for Cicero's return to public life and is among Cicero's correspondents in the Epistulae ad familiares. CICERONE presents the Valerii brothers of Sora as well schooled in literature, but less admirable for their speaking ability. As Italians, they would have been lacking to Cicero's ears in the smooth sophistication or urbanitas and faultless pronunciation of the best NATIVE ROMAN orators. This attitude of social exclusivity may account for why S., whose scholarly interests and friendships might otherwise suggest a conservative temperament, would have found his place in the civil wars on the side of the popularist MARIO rather than that of the patrician SULLA. It may also be noted that CICERONE's expression of this attitude is double-edged. Like MARIO and the Valerii Sorani, CICERONE is also a man from a municipium, and has to overcome the same obstructing biases that he adopts and expresses. In the year of his death, S. is or has been a tribunus plebis, a political office open only to those of plebeian rather than patrician birth. The fullest account of the infamous death of S. is given by SERVIO, who says that he is executed for revealing the secret name of Rome. The tribune S. dares to disclose this name, according to VARRONE and many other sources. Some say he is hauled in by the senate and strung up on a cross. Others, that he flees in fear of retribution and is apprehended by a praetor in SICILIA, where he is killed by order of the senate. SERVIO's account presents several difficulties. Crucifixion is a punishment generally reserved for a slave. Valerio Massimo, a historian in the principate, reckons that the punishment should not be inflicted on those of Roman blood ‘even if he deserved it.’ Moreover, a tribune's person is, by law, sacro-sanct. Finally, it is unclear whether the X tribunes should possess the knowledge of Rome's secret name, or in what manner S. publicises it. Among sources earlier than SERVIO, both PLINIO MAGGIORE and Plutarco note that S. is punished for this violation. It has been suggested that the name is revealed in his one work for which a title is known -- the “Epoptides”. The title, if interpreted as it sometimes is to mean tutelary deities, offers an apt context. But elsewhere SERVIO — so too MACROBIO — implies that the name remains unrecorded. S. has been identified with the Q. Valerius, described as a philologos and a philomathes, whom Plutarch says is a supporter of MARIO. This man is put to death by POMPEO in SICILIA, where he would have accompanied Carbo, the consular colleague of the recently murdered Cinna. Carbo is executed by Pompeo. Cichorius publishes an essay that organises the available evidence for the life of S. and argues that his execution is a result of the Sullan proscription. The view of his death as politically motivated prevails among scholars:  His death is thus the result of being proscribed as a supporter of MARIO, and has nothing to do with religious issues of any kind. At the same time, we know that S. writes essays of a religious-antiquarian kind, as well as verse, and is often cited by VARRONE. This link with VARRONE must be the reason for associating the revelation of Rome's secret name with S.’s violent death, for, as we saw, it is VARRONE whom SERVIO cites as his authority for linking the death with the revelation. But if VARRONE originates the story, his reasons are hard to tease out of the roiled politics of the Republic. Although VARRONE is the friend of S., in the civil war he is on the side of the Pompeians. GIULIO CESARE however, not only pardons VARRONE, but gives him significant appointments. The biases of the contemporary sources are not lost on Plutarch in his account of the killing. Furthermore, GAIO OPPIO, the friend of GIULIO CESARE, says that POMPEO treats S. also with unnatural cruelty. For, understanding that S. is a man of rare scholarship and learning, when he is brought to him, OPPIO says, POMPEO takes him aside, walks up and down with him, asks and learns what he wishes from him, and then orders his attendants to lead him away and put him to death at once. But when OPPIO discourses about the enemies or friends of GIULIO CESARE, one must be very cautious about believing him. Speaking the name could be construed as a political protest and also an act of treason, as the revelation would expose the tutelary deity and leave the city unprotected. This belief rests on the power of utterance to call forth the deity – evocation -- so that an enemy in possession of the true and secret name could divert the divine protection to themselves. The intellectual historian of the Republic Rawson ventures cautiously that S.'s motive remains unclear, but may have been political. More vigorous is the view of ALFONSI, who argues that S. reveals the name *deliberately* so that -- superstitious as S. is --  his Italian municipality of SORA could appropriate it and break Rome's monopoly of power. Another interpretation of these events, worth noting despite its fictional context, is that of historical novelist McCullough, who melds political and religious motives in a psychological characterization. In Fortune's Favorites, McCullough's S. screams aloud the arcane name because the atrocities committed during the civil war renders Rome unworthy of divine protection. Rome and all for which she stands should fall down like a shoddy building in an earthquake. S. himself believes that implicitly. So having told air and birds and horrified men Rome's secret name, S. flees to Ostia WONDERING why Rome still stands upon her seven hills. The single couplet that survives from S.’s vast work as a poet, grammarian, and antiquarian is quoted by AGOSTINO in the De civitate Dei to support his view that the tutelary deity (DEITAS, DIVINA) of Rome is the Capitoline Jupiter (GIOVE CAPITOLINO): -- IVPPITER OMNIPOTENS REGVM RERVMQVE DEVMQVE PROGENITOR GENITRIXQVE DEVM DEVS VNVS ET OMNES.The syntax of S’s couplet poses difficulties in attempts at interpretation, and there may be some corruption of the text. It seems to say something like Jupiter all-powerful, of kings and things, and of gods, the progenitor and the genetrix of gods, god that is one and all. AGOSTINO says that his source for the quotation is a work on religion by VARRONE, with whose conception of deity AGOSTINO argues throughout De civitate Dei. The view of VARRONE, and presumably of S., is that GIOVE represents the whole universe which emits and receives semina, encompassing the generative powers of earth the mother as well as sky the tather. This unitarianism is a concept of the PORTICO, and S. is usually counted among the members of the Porch of Rome, perhaps of the contemporary school of Panezio. The unity of opposites in the deity, including divine androgyny, is also characteristic of Orphic doctrine, which may have impressed itself on the Porch. The couplet may come from the Epoptides. The title is mentioned only in PLINIO, and none of the known fragments of S. can be attributed to this large-scale work with certainty. S.’s innovation in providing a table of contents  — most likely a list of capita rerum — suggests that the Epoptides is an encyclopedic or compendious saggio Alternatively, the Epoptides may have been a long didactic treatise on nature. S. is known to have written didactic poetry and is likely to have been an influence when LUCREZIO choses verse as his medium for a  philosophical subject matter such as nature is. The most extensive argument regarding the Epoptidesis is that of Köves-Zulauf. Much of what can be conjectured about the work derives from the interpretation of its title. The verb “ἐποπτεύω” has the basic meaning of to watch, to oversee, but also, literally, to become an ἐπόπτης, or initiate -- Epoptides -- the highest grade of initiate at the Eleusinian mysteries. Köves-Zulauf argues that S.’s Epoptides is an extended treatment of mystery religions, and he translates the title as Mystikerinnen. The classicist and mythographer Rose, on the contrary, insists that the epoptides has nothing to do with initiates. Rawson holds with initiated women; the Loeb offers lady initiates; Horsfall is satisfied with the watchers. Köves-Zulauf maintains that the epoptides of the title represent the conception of the PORTICO of female daimones who are guardians of humanity, such as the horae and the charites. S. integrates this concept, Zulauf says, with the “TVTELÆ”, ancient Italic protective spirits. The crime of S. is thus to reveal in this work the name of the particular TVTELA charged with protecting Rome. Works of later Roman grammarians suggest that S. Takes an interest in etymology and other linguistic matters. Conrad Cichorius, “Zur Lebensgeschichte des Valerius Soranus,” Hermes; American Journal of Philology; Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, New York: American Philological Association; Cichorius, “Zur Lebensgeschichte des Valerius Soranus,” Hermes -- remains the most thorough discussion of the evidence; Abstract in American Journal of Philology, Oxford Latin Dictionary (Oxford: Clarendon), entry on "Soranus," Alvar, “Matériaux pour l'étude de la formule sive deus, sive dea,” Numen; Courtney, The Fragmentary Latin Poets (Oxford: Clarendon; Mastrocinque, "Creating One's Own Religion: Intellectual Choices," in A Companion to Roman Religion, ed. Rüpke (Blackwell), Pliny the Elder, preface, Historia naturalis; Henderson, “Knowing Someone Through Their Books: Pliny on Uncle Pliny (Epistles 3.5),” Classical Philology, Cicero, De oratore -- litteratissimum togatorum omnium.  Cicero, Brutus, Cicero, Bruto, vicini et familiares mei; Rawson, Intellectual Life in the Late Roman Republic (The Johns Hopkins, Varrone, De lingua latina, Gellius, Noctes Atticae, Courtney, The Fragmentary Latin Poets (Oxford: Clarendon); Niccolini, I fasti dei tribuni della plebe (Milano); Cicero, Post reditum in senatu; Cicero, Epistulae ad familiares; discussion in Brown, Israel and Hellas: Sacred Institutions and Roman Counterparts, Berlin Gruyter Cicero, Brutus -- non tam in dicendo admirabilis quam doctus et Graecis litteris et Latinis.  Ramage, “Cicerone on EXTRA-ROMAN Speech,” Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, Brown, Israel and Hellas, Berlin, Rawson, Intellectual Life in the Late Roman Republic, The Johns Hopkins, Klinghardt discusses the religious case in "Prayer Formularies for Public Recitation: Their Use and Function in Ancient Religion," Numen; see also Versnel, “A Parody on Hymns in Martial and Some Trinitarian Problems,” Mnemosyne. The "praetor" may be Pompey. Servius, Commentary on the Aeneid -- denique tribunus plebei quidam Valerius Soranus, ut ait Varro et multi alii, hoc nomen ausus enuntiare, ut quidam dicunt raptus a senatu et in crucem levatus est, ut alii, metu supplicii fugit et in Sicilia comprehensus a praetore praecepto senatus occisus est; from the Perseus Project's online edition of Servii Grammatici qui feruntur in Vergilii carmina commentarii, ed. Thilo e Hagen (Teubner).  Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, entry on "Crux," Bill Thayer's Lacus Curtius edition; Elizabeth Rawson, "Sallust on the Eighties?", Classical Quarterly Coleman, "Fatal Charades: Roman Executions Staged as Mythological Enactments," Journal of Roman Studies; for full discussion, see M. Hengel, Crucifixion in the Ancient World (London), especially "Crucifixion and Roman Citizens" and "The 'Slaves' Punishment," Valerius Maximus, "Tribune" at Livius; fuller discussion of the tribunate at Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, "Tribunus," Thayer's Lacus Curtius edition..  “This name and the name of the tutelary deity of Rome was handed down from one generation of Roman priests and magistrates to the succeeding one” Linderski, "The Augural Law," Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. The story of S., Linderski assumes, indicates that tribunes do know the name. The reasoning may be circular.  Pliny the Elder, Historia naturalis, Plutarch, Roman Questions, The late antique grammarian Solinus also reports that S. is killed for profaning the name of Rome, connecting the act to the Roman goddess Angerona, whose cult statue depicted her with a sealed mouth.  Köves-Zulauf, "Die Ἐπόπτιδες des Valerius Soranus," Rheinisches Museum. "Tutelary deities" is not the universal translation. See discussion under Literary Works.  Servius, Commentary on the Aeneid; Macrobius, Saturnalia; Brown, Israel et Hellas, Berlin. The ancient sources on the violation make a distinction without, in the outcome for S., a difference. Some say the arcanum not to be revealed is the secret name of Rome, and others that of Rome's tutelary deity, see L'identità segreta della divinità tutelare di Roma. Un riesame dell' affaire Sorano. Roma, Settimo Sigillo. Plutarch, Life of Pompey -- φιλόλογος ἀνὴρ καὶ φιλομαθής.  Conrad Cichorius, "Zur Lebensgeschichte des Valerius Soranus," Hermes, Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, New York: American Philological Association, Courtney, The Fragmentary Latin Poets, Oxford: Clarendon, Rüpke, Religion of the Romans, ed. Gordon (Cambridge: Polity), Cichorius, "Zur Lebensgeschichte des Valerius Soranus," Hermes. Abstract in American Journal of Philology Rüpke, Religion of the Romans, ed. Gordon (Cambridge). This view is shared by Weinstock, review of Die Geheime Schutzgottheit von Rom by Brelich, Journal of Roman Studies Political and religious motives reviewed by Brown, Israel and Hellas, Berlin, For the development of the story of S. as a cautionary tale, see Murphy, “Privileged Knowledge: S. and the Secret Name of Rome,” in Rituals in Ink: A Conference on Religion and Literary Production in Ancient Rome (Stuttgart), Rawson, Intellectual Life in the Late Roman Republic (The Johns Hopkins, Plutarch, Pompey, Loeb Classical Library translation of the Lives, Cambridge), Thayer's edition at Lacus Curtius. Brown, Israel and Hellas, Berlin, citing Alfonsi, "L'importanza politico-religiosa della 'enunciazione' de Valerio Sorano," Epigraphica. Pliny says that the Romans practice evocatio when they lay siege to a city, with the priests calling out the foreign god and promising him a greater cult among them -- Historia naturalis. Macrobius even provides the charm of evocation used against Carthage (Saturnalia). The secrecy surrounding prayer formularies, particularly the correct names of gods, is characteristic also of Judaism, Egyptian syncretistic religion, mystery religions, and Christianity. See Klinghardt, “Prayer Formularies for Public Recitation: Their Use and Function in Ancient Religion,” Numen on this case; also article on "Magic and Religion: The Name of God."  Rawson, Intellectual Life in the Late Roman Republic (The Johns Hopkins Alfonsi, "L'importanza politico-religiosa della enunciazione di S. (a proposito di CIL)." Epigraphica McCullough, Fortune's Favorites (HarperCollins), Cook, “The European Sky-God, The Italians,” Folklore, Grant, review of Varros Logistoricus über die Götterverehrung ("Curio de cultu deorum"), Burkhart Cardauns (Würzburg) in Classical Philology, Rawson, Intellectual Life in the Late Roman Republic (The Johns Hopkins, Alvar, "Matériaux pour l'étude de la formule sive deus, sive dea," Numen Zeller, A History of Eclecticism in Greek 'Philos', Alleyne (Kessinger), Albrechtet al., A History of Roman Literature: From Livius Andronicus to Boethius, (Brill), Geschichte der römischen Literatur: von Andronicus bis Boethius, Courtney, The Fragmentary Latin Poets (Oxford: Clarendon, Mastrocinque, "Creating One's Own Religion: Intellectual Choices," in A Companion to Roman Religion (Blackwell,  pointing out that the Hymn to Zeus of Cleanthes presents a similar view of the god, and that Laevius, a likely contemporary of S., holds that Venus is both female and male (according to Macrobius, Saturnalia). Martino, in L'identità segreta della DIVINITÀ TUTELARE di Roma. Un ri-esame dell' affaire Sorano. Roma, Settimo Sigillo, believes that S. reveals the name of Roman tutelar deity, who is androgynous, GENITOR GENITRIX, Horsfall, “Roman Religion and Related Topics,” review of Köves-Zulauf, Kleine Schriften (Heidelberg), Classical Review. An innovation admired by Pliny the Elder, Historia naturalis.  Rawson, Intellectual Life in the Late Roman Republic (The Johns Hopkins, Henderson, “Knowing Someone Through Their Books: Pliny on Uncle Pliny (Epistles),” Classical Philology, Classen, “Poetry and Rhetoric in LUCREZIO,” Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association; "LUCREZIO and Callimachus, " in LUCREZIO, ed. Gale, Oxford Readings in Classical Studies (Oxford), Horsfall called the essay on a non-extant work "something of a tour de force," in “Roman Religion and Related Topics,” Classical Review Liddell and Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon (Oxford: Clarendon), entry on ἐποπτεία and related words, Murphy, “Privileged Knowledge: S. and the Secret Name of Rome,” in Rituals in Ink (Stuttgart), Rose, “Latin Literature for Italian Children,” Classical Review Rawson, Intellectual Life in the Late Roman Republic (The Johns Hopkins, Rackham's translation of Pliny's Natural History (Harvard).  Horsfall, noting that the word's only other occurrence in Latin is from Cornutus, in “Roman Religion and Related Topics,” Classical Review. For instance, Aulus Gellius, citing Varro, notes that S. thinks the Latin word “flavisa” referred to the same object as the Greek-derived word thesaurus 'treasure trove', and suggests that the Latin word derives from the flata pecunia, that is 'minted money', stored there (Attic Nights = Varro, fragment  in Funaioli Grammaticae Romanae Fragmenta. Roman antiquarians often use etymology to investigate the history of objects and institutions.  Varro, De lingua latina; Alfonsi, L. "L'importanza politico-religiosa della enunciazione di V. (a proposito di CIL )." Epigraphica Argues that S. should be identified with Valerius Aedituus, a poet from the circle of Lutatius Catulus (this identification is not widely agreed upon, though both Badian, "From the Gracchi to Sulla  Historia Gabba, "Politica e cultura in Roma agl’inizi del I secolo a. C.," Athenaeum as cited by Badian, are willing to entertain the possibility) and that he revealed the name of Rome to disrupt the exclusivity of the Roman aristocracy and enable the participation of the Italic communities. (Abstract translated from L'Année philologique. Brown, John Pairman. Israel and Hellas, Berlin Gruyter, on Valerius Soranus. Cichorius, Conrad. “Zur Lebensgeschichte des Valerius Soranus.” Hermes -- The most thorough biographical reconstruction. Abstract in American Journal of Philology Courtney, Edward. “Q. Valerius (Soranus).” The Fragmentary Latin Poets. Oxford: Clarendon Edition with commentary and biographical note. Courtney refrains from identifying some recognized fragments of S.’s work as poetry and thus omits them. See Funaioli and Morel following. De Martino, Marcello. L'identità segreta della divinità tutelare di Roma. Un riesame dell'affaire Sorano. Roma: Settimo Sigillo Funaioli, Gino. Grammaticae romanae fragmenta, Leipzig: Teubner, Testimonia and fragments of S.’s grammatical works, Horsfall, Nicholas. “Roman Religion and Related Topics.” Review of Köves-Zulauf, Kleine Schriften, ed. Achim Heinrichs (Heidelberg). Classical Review Klinghardt, Matthias. “Prayer Formularies for Public Recitation: Their Use and Function in Ancient Religion.” Numen On the case of S., Köves-Zulauf, Thomas. "Die Ἐπόπτιδες des Valerius Soranus." Rheinisches Museum Repr. Kleine Schriften, ed. Achim Heinrichs (Heidelberg). Argument summarized under Literary works. Morel, with Büchner and Blänsdorf. Fragmenta poetarum Latinorum epicorum et lyricorum praeter Ennium et Lucilium. Stuttgart: Teubner. Contains fragments of S. not presented in Courtney. Murphy, “Privileged Knowledge: S. and the Secret Name of Rome.” In Rituals in Ink: A Conference on Religion and Literary Production in Ancient Rome (Stuttgart), Rehearses sources for nomen transgression, with a stated interest in the significance of the story rather than its historicity. Some misapprehensions in handling primary source material. Niccolini, I fasti dei tribuni della plebe. Milan. Section on S., Rüpke, Religion of the Romans. Ed. Gordon. Cambridge: Polity, Discusses the case of S. in his consideration of Rome's tutelary deity. Weinstock, Review of Die Geheime Schutzgottheit von Rom by Brelich. Journal of Roman Studies, Passing consideration of the likely political character of S.'s execution, valuable mainly because of Weinstock's auctoritas.  Omnipaedista Di Penates Terra (mythology) The personification of the Earth in ancient Roman religion and mythology Quintus Valerius Orca. Sorano. Quinto Valerio Sorano. Keywords: TVTELA. IVPPITER OMNIPOTENS REGVM RERVMQVE DEVMQVE PROGENITOR GENITRIXQVE DEVM DEVS VNVS ET OMNES. Sorano.